Commonly known as chips, semiconductors are critical to the functioning of a wide range of everyday products, from cellphones to computers to state-of-the-art refrigerators. They are also the brains that operate an array of weapons systems.
The chip shortage began after the coronavirus pandemic hit last year. As global demand for automobiles fell, car companies cut production and their purchases of semiconductors needed to build cars. At the same time, demand for semiconductors soared from companies making computers and other equipment that allowed employees to work from home, according to the Semiconductor Industry Association.
Then when auto production recovered, car companies faced a shortage of semiconductor supplies.
The scarcity has had serious consequences. Ford this month said a lack of chips could cut the company’s production by up to 20 percent in the first quarter. The automaker was forced to reduce the output of its profitable F-150 pickup at two factories in Michigan and Missouri.
General Motors said it was forced to cut output at factories in Kansas, Canada and Mexico and would reassess its production plans in mid-March, when it has an update on semiconductor supply.
The chip shortfall is reviving calls from industry and members of Congress for more federal funding to subsidize domestic chip manufacturing.
In a letter to Biden this month, lobbying groups for the auto, health-care and telecommunications sectors pressed the White House to work with Congress to provide more funding for domestic chip research and production.
“While the governments of our global competitors have invested heavily to attract new semiconductor manufacturing and research facilities, the absence of U.S. incentives has made our country uncompetitive and America’s share of global semiconductor manufacturing has steadily declined as a result,” the groups wrote.
White House press secretary Jen Psaki this month said the chip shortage is “one of the central motivations” for an executive order Biden plans to sign soon “to undertake a comprehensive review of supply chains for critical goods.”
“The review will be focused on identifying the immediate actions we can take, from improving the physical production of those items in the U.S., to working with allies to develop a coordinated response to the weaknesses and bottlenecks that are hurting American workers,” Psaki said.
U.S. semiconductor companies account for 47 percent of global chip sales, but only 12 percent of global chip manufacturing occurs in the United States, according to the Semiconductor Industry Association.
In 1990, about 37 percent of global semiconductor production happened in the United States, but the U.S. share has dropped as U.S. companies and others build factories overseas.
Taiwan and its chipmaking giant TSMC dominate much of global semiconductor production. China is also investing heavily in chips and is rapidly gaining ground.
China’s rapid industrial rise, and the United States’ inability to manufacture enough medical gear and other essential goods during the coronavirus crisis, have prompted bipartisan calls for more federal investment to strengthen domestic manufacturing and research and development.
As part of the recently passed National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal 2021, Congress authorized federal subsidies for companies investing in domestic semiconductor manufacturing and more federal funding for chip research, but Congress has yet to appropriate money for the programs.
Schumer on Wednesday said he and a bipartisan group of colleagues would include those appropriations in a bill they plan to introduce soon. Dubbed the Endless Frontier Act, the bill will also devote resources for 5G mobile networks and for research priorities such as artificial intelligence and quantum computing, Schumer said.
Supplies of automotive semiconductors might not be back to normal for a couple of quarters, analysts said.
Brad Slingerlend, an investor at NZS Capital in California and a former semiconductor analyst, said he started raising alarms about U.S. reliance on overseas chips years ago, to no avail.
The auto sector’s current plight will draw more attention to the issue, he said. “This needs more of a spotlight on it,” he said.
Mario Morales, a semiconductor analyst at IDC, an industry research firm, said other sectors have also been hurt. He said there is a shortage of chips used in computer monitors, small sensors and other electronics.
Morales said there are no short-term solutions to alleviate the shortages. Countries such as South Korea and Taiwan saw massive government investment in chip manufacturing that took decades to build. “Maybe we still have bleeding-edge R&D in the U.S.,” he said, referring to the consensus that U.S. research and development for semiconductors is unequaled in the world. “But it’s going to take a while to catch up” on semiconductor manufacturing, he said.
Building new semiconductor factories in the United States will take an investment on the level of the Apollo space mission, said Stacy Rasgon, managing director and semiconductor analyst at Bernstein Research. “These are the most complicated devices that humanity has ever designed and built,” he said.
Al Thompson, Intel’s vice president for U.S. government relations, said the problem is “broader than the auto industry.”
“The administration has a great opportunity to work on a policy that has strong bipartisan support to alleviate future shortages, not the one we’re currently working with,” he said.
Correction: An earlier version of this story said that U.S. companies accounted for only 12 percent of global chip production. The story has been corrected to say that 12 percent of global chip manufacturing occurs in the United States.
