Alyssa Fowers
Graphics reporter focusing on data visualization and analysis
Last week, the Biden administration took over an economy that has been severely hobbled by the coronavirus pandemic. While unemployment has risen for all types of workers, jobs have recovered slowly but steadily for Americans with some college education, according to Labor Department data. That was true for lower-education workers too, until winter struck.
Employment recovery reverses for workers with less education
Change in percentage of population employed compared to the same month in 2019
Associate’s or
some college
Note: Percent of nonmilitary population age 25
or over
Employment recovery reverses for workers with a high school education or less
Change in percentage of population employed compared to the same month in 2019
Bachelor’s
degree or
above
Associate’s or
some college
Note: Percent of nonmilitary population age 25 or over
Employment recovery reverses for workers with less education
Change in percentage of population employed compared to the same month in 2019
Bachelor’s degree
or above
Associate’s or
some college
Note: Percent of nonmilitary population age 25 or over
Employment recovery reverses for workers with less education
Change in percentage of population employed compared to the same month in 2019
Bachelor’s degree
or above
Associate’s or
some college
Note: Percent of nonmilitary population age 25 or over
Standard measures of unemployment don’t capture the full scope of the problem, because they exclude the millions of Americans who are out of work but say they cannot look for a job because of the pandemic.
A better way is to look at the trend among all Americans age 25 or older. In December 2019, 53 percent of these Americans with a high school education or less were employed. By December 2020, that dropped to 48 percent. That means that one out of every 20 has lost employment in the past year. A fifth of those losses occurred in November and December.
[The covid-19 recession is the most unequal in modern U.S. history]
These workers tend to be concentrated in the sort of industries that are most directly affected by government restrictions in response to covid-19, such as eating and drinking places, construction and hotels.
Such restrictions became more common over the winter. In November and December, 13 states and the District of Columbia closed or restricted nonessential businesses, according to data from the Kaiser Family Foundation. Seven states and D.C. closed indoor dining in the same time period.
In three of the biggest sectors for lower-education workers, a million jobs are missing since Dec. 2019
Number of employees with a high school diploma or less education compared to the same month in 2019
Note: Nonmilitary population age 25 and over,
not seasonally adjusted
In three of the biggest sectors for lower
education workers, over a million jobs are missing compared to Dec. 2019
Number of employees with a high school diploma or less education compared to the same month in 2019
Note: Nonmilitary population age 25 and over, not
seasonally adjusted
In three of the biggest sectors for lower-education workers, over a million jobs are missing compared to Dec. 2019
Number of workers with a high school diploma or less compared to same month in 2019
Note: Nonmilitary population age 25 and older, not seasonally adjusted
In three of the biggest sectors for lower-education workers, over a million jobs are missing compared to Dec. 2019
Number of employees with a high school diploma or less education compared to the same month in 2019
Note: Nonmilitary population age 25 and older, not seasonally adjusted
“In April, there was a fear effect: if there were a lot of cases, people didn’t want to come out,” said Yongseok Shin, an economics professor at Washington University in St. Louis, referring to a finding in a recent paper he co-wrote published by the National Bureau of Economic Research. “But by November, infections don’t really play a role in economic activity, and state lockdowns matter. People got numb to the fear or feel like they can manage their risks.” Social distancing and restrictions on businesses are a critical tool for managing the spread of covid-19.
[Government shutdowns did not cause the pandemic jobs crisis in the spring]
Even lower-education workers who kept their jobs face greater difficulties than college-educated workers, according to Pamela Loprest, an economist at the Urban Institute. Wages start lower and stay lower for lower-education workers, and these workers are less likely to have paid leave or other benefits.
To assist these workers, experts point to economic measures already proposed by the Biden administration, like eviction moratoriums and increases in the minimum wage and nutrition benefits. These could help low-education workers get through the immediate crisis. But a full economic recovery for workers with a high school education or less depends on ending the global pandemic.
[The pandemic destroyed 225 million jobs worldwide, but billionaires got richer, reports find]
In the long term, says Loprest, policymakers should focus on the larger challenges facing lower-education workers: Raising minimum wages, implementing paid leave laws, making education more accessible, and helping workers move to places with better pay and higher demand for their skills.
“As the economy starts opening up,” Loprest said, “the problems for people with less education don’t go away. Having less education has meant a much more difficult economic situation for much longer than the pandemic.”
